Non-Stick Pans In Bread Machines: Safe Or Not?

Non-stick pans are popular because they require less oil and prevent food from burning and sticking to the pan. However, non-stick cookware is often coated with Teflon, which has been linked to various health issues. As a result, consumers are increasingly seeking non-toxic and PTFE-free alternatives. While some bread machines use ceramic or stainless steel pans, most bread machine manufacturers have been slow to react to this demand, and many machines still utilise Teflon-coated pans.

The dangers of Teflon

Teflon, a brand name for the chemical coating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is a versatile product used in various industries and household items. While it is praised for its non-stick, waterproof, and non-corrosive properties, there are several dangers associated with its use.

Firstly, the manufacturing process for Teflon cookware used to involve perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical linked to the development of certain tumours in laboratory animals and an increased risk of thyroid disease in humans. PFOA exposure has also been associated with various health conditions, including chronic kidney disease, liver disease, thyroid disorders, testicular cancer, infertility, and low birth weight. Although PFOA has been phased out of Teflon production since 2013, its persistence in the environment means that it continues to be detected in the blood of US residents.

Secondly, at high temperatures above 500°F (260°C), Teflon coatings begin to break down and release toxic fumes. Inhalation of these fumes can lead to polymer fume fever, characterised by flu-like symptoms such as chills, fever, headache, and body aches. Prolonged exposure to these fumes has also been linked to more serious side effects, including lung damage.

Additionally, there are concerns about the potential health impact of PTFE products themselves, as they may release toxic gases at temperatures as low as 325°F (163°C). While ingesting small flakes of Teflon coating is generally considered safe, as solid PTFE flakes are inert and pass through the digestive tract, there is a risk of the underlying metal, usually aluminium, being exposed if the non-stick surface is scratched. Aluminium is a toxic metal implicated in dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Lastly, while the American Cancer Society states that there are no proven risks associated with new PFOA-free nonstick cookware, the presence of other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Teflon coatings remains a concern. Research has linked PFAS exposure to various health issues, including certain cancers, reproductive problems, and high cholesterol.

To minimise the risks associated with Teflon, it is recommended to avoid overheating and follow basic safety precautions when cooking.

PTFE and PFOA-free alternatives

The use of non-stick pans in bread machines has sparked concerns among health-conscious consumers due to the presence of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) or Teflon, and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). PTFE is a synthetic polymer that provides the non-stick property, while PFOA is a chemical substance used in the past as an additive in the production of PTFE. The good news is that there are now PTFE and PFOA-free alternatives available for those seeking a healthier option. Here are some options to consider:

Ceramic-based Pans

One alternative to PTFE and PFOA-coated pans is ceramic-based cookware. While some may market their products as "ceramic-based" or "ceramic-coated," it is important to note that these finishes are often plastic and not true ceramic. However, there are genuine ceramic options available, such as the Beem breadmaker, which offers a ceramic-based pan that performs just as well as Teflon without the health concerns. T-fal, the original Teflon pan manufacturer, has also launched a ceramic line of cookware.

Stainless Steel Pans

Stainless steel pans are another PTFE and PFOA-free option. While they may not provide the same even heat distribution as other materials, they are a durable and safe alternative. The Sana Smart Bread Maker offers a stainless steel paddle/pan option, although it is on the pricey side at over $300.

Glass Pans

Glass pans, such as Pyrex loaf pans, can be a good alternative to non-stick pans. They provide even heat distribution and allow for visual monitoring of the baking process. However, glass pans require careful handling to avoid thermal shock and breakage.

Cast Iron Pans

Cast iron pans, such as the Lodge L4LP3 Loaf Pans, are another PTFE and PFOA-free option for bread machines. They offer even heat distribution and durability but may be heavier than other options.

Aluminium Pans

Aluminium pans, specifically aluminized steel pans, are also an alternative to non-stick pans. While there were initially concerns about aluminium leaching, especially with acidic sourdough, it has been clarified that the aluminium oxide coating on aluminium surfaces prevents reactivity. Additionally, the potential health effects of aluminium are not entirely clear.

When choosing PTFE and PFOA-free alternatives, it is important to read product descriptions carefully and opt for reputable brands. Additionally, proper care and maintenance of cookware, such as avoiding scratching and high-heat temperatures, can help ensure safe and long-lasting use.

The safety of stainless steel and ceramic pans

Stainless steel and ceramic pans are generally considered safe alternatives to non-stick pans, which have been known to contain toxic chemicals. Here are some key points about the safety of stainless steel and ceramic pans:

Stainless Steel Pans

• Stainless steel is a safe option for cookware, but it is recommended to avoid cooking acidic foods such as tomato sauce in these pans. This is because stainless steel may contain heavy metals like nickel and chromium, which can leach into food, especially when in contact with acidic substances.
• High-quality stainless steel pans are recommended to reduce the risk of leaching. Additionally, avoid scratching the pan to further minimize the risk.
• Stainless steel pans are also known for their durability and even heat distribution, making them a practical choice for cooking.
• However, some people may have nickel sensitivity and should be cautious when using stainless steel cookware to avoid potential health issues like dermatitis.

Ceramic Pans

• Ceramic cookware is considered a safe and non-toxic alternative to traditional non-stick pans. It provides a natural non-stick surface without the use of toxic chemicals.
• Ceramic pans are made with a ceramic coating, which offers high conductivity, ensuring even cooking without cold spots.
• They are also known for their versatility and durability, making them a practical choice for the kitchen.
• When buying ceramic cookware, it is recommended to choose products from reputable brands to ensure safety and avoid potential issues with unwanted metals.
• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises against using metal utensils on ceramic cookware as they can scratch and damage the surface, potentially exposing the underlying metal.

In summary, both stainless steel and ceramic pans offer safe alternatives to non-stick cookware. However, it is important to follow certain guidelines, such as avoiding acidic foods with stainless steel and using non-metal utensils with ceramic, to maximize the safety of these pans.

How to avoid harmful chemicals when using Teflon

Teflon is a brand name for a non-stick coating made of a chemical called polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). While PTFE is chemically stable and non-reactive, concerns have been raised about the manufacturing process and the effects of heating Teflon products to high temperatures. Here are some tips to avoid harmful chemicals when using Teflon:

Understand the Risks

Firstly, it's important to understand the risks associated with Teflon. The primary concern is with the chemical perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was previously used in the manufacturing process. PFOA has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, thyroid disorders, and liver disease. However, it's important to note that PFOA has been phased out of the manufacturing process since 2013, and modern Teflon products are PFOA-free.

Another concern is that heating Teflon to temperatures above 500°F (260°C) can cause the coating to break down and release toxic fumes. These fumes can cause flu-like symptoms in humans and can be deadly to birds. Therefore, it's crucial to avoid overheating Teflon products.

Follow Safe Cooking Practices

To avoid the risks associated with Teflon, follow these safe cooking practices:

• Avoid preheating an empty pan. Always add food or liquid to the pan before turning on the heat.
• Cook on medium or low heat. Avoid high temperatures that can break down the Teflon coating.
• Ensure proper ventilation in your kitchen. Turn on the exhaust fan or open windows while cooking to clear any fumes.
• Use wooden, silicone, or plastic utensils. Metal utensils can scratch the Teflon coating, reducing its effectiveness and potentially releasing flakes of Teflon into your food.
• Hand wash gently with a sponge and warm, soapy water. Avoid using steel wool or scouring pads that can scratch the surface.
• Replace old cookware. If your Teflon-coated pan shows signs of deterioration, such as excessive scratches, peeling, or flaking, it's time to replace it.

Choose Alternative Materials

If you're concerned about the potential risks of Teflon, you can choose alternative materials for your cookware:

• Cast iron: A durable, long-lasting, and non-toxic option. It has superior heat retention and is excellent for searing foods. However, it can be heavy and may require proper seasoning to prevent food from sticking.
• Stainless steel: Scratch-resistant, heats evenly, and is easy to clean. It's also reasonably priced and non-reactive with acidic foods. However, it's not naturally non-stick, so you may need to use more oil or butter when cooking.
• Ceramic: A safer non-stick alternative to Teflon. Ceramic cookware is easy to clean and comes in various colours and sizes. However, it can be prone to scratching and may be less durable than other materials.
• Stoneware: Naturally non-stick when seasoned, scratch-resistant, and can withstand very high temperatures.

By following these tips and choosing alternative materials, you can minimise your exposure to any potentially harmful chemicals associated with Teflon products.

The best non-Teflon bread machines

If you're looking for a non-toxic bread machine, the ideal option is to get a bread maker with a non-Teflon pan. However, these can be hard to come by, and often aren't in stock or available to ship to your location.

If you can't get your hands on a Teflon-free bread machine, don't worry, there are still ways to bake bread without risking your health. The problem with Teflon is that it can release toxic gases when heated to high temperatures. But bread machines bake at a much lower temperature, usually around 180°C/356°F, which is well below the temperature where Teflon becomes harmful.

That being said, if you're still concerned about the potential risks of Teflon, there are a few things you can do. Firstly, look for bread machines with adjustable settings that allow you to customise the baking temperature. That way, you can ensure the bread is baked at a safe temperature. Some bread machines with this feature include:

• Breville BBM800XL
• Zojirushi BB-PDC20BA
• Zojirushi BB-CEC20

Another option is to use your bread machine to knead the dough, and then bake it in the oven. This takes more effort, but gives you complete control over the baking temperature.

If you're set on finding a bread machine with a non-Teflon pan, there are a few options available. However, these machines may be difficult to find, and some are only available in certain regions. Here are some of the best non-Teflon bread machines:

• SAKI 3 LB Bread Maker: Features a ceramic bread pan, a 15-hour delayed timer, a 60-minute keep warm function, and dual kneading paddles.
• KBS Large 17-in-1 Bread Machine: Includes a ceramic pan, a fruit and nut dispenser, a 15-hour delayed timer, and a 60-minute keep warm function.
• Beem 5-in-1 Bread Maker: This machine has a ceramic-based pan and is PTFE and PFOA-free. However, it's only available in Europe.
• Sana Smart Bread Maker: The only bread machine with a stainless steel pan, this machine is very durable and includes two stainless steel kneading blades. Unfortunately, it's currently only available in the EU.

Frequently asked questions