Cody Casey
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report measure that assesses an individual's levels of positive and negative affect. It was created by mood researchers David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen in 1988. The PANAS contains 20 items, with 10 assessing positive affect (PA) and the other 10 assessing negative affect (NA). The PA and NA items are scored separately, with scores ranging from 10 to 50 for each scale. A higher score indicates a higher level of PA or NA. The final score is derived by summing the ratings for each set of items on the questionnaire.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of items | 20 |
| Number of items per scale | 10 |
| Scoring range per scale | 10-50 |
| Scoring method | Sum of ratings for each set of items |
| Scoring interpretation | Higher scores indicate higher levels of PA or NA |
| Scale type | Self-report |
| Scale format | 5-point Likert scale |
| Scale items | Words describing different emotions and feelings |
| Scale instructions | Select a timespan and indicate how much each item applies to you for that timespan |
| Scale sensitivity | Sensitive to momentary changes in affect |
| Scale reliability | Good internal consistency and test-retest reliability |
| Scale validity | Good convergent and discriminant validity |
| Creators | David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen |
| Year created | 1988 |
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What You'll Learn
Positive and negative affect scores
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report measure that assesses an individual's levels of positive and negative affect. It was created by mood researchers David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen in 1988. The scale is designed around 20 items of affect, with 10 items assessing PA and the other 10 assessing NA. The PA and NA items are scored separately, with the scores ranging from 10 to 50 for each scale. A score of 10 would indicate the lowest possible level of positive or negative affect, while a score of 50 would indicate the highest possible level.
To calculate PANAS scores, individuals are instructed to read each item and choose a number from a Likert scale to indicate the extent to which they are experiencing that emotion at the moment or how they felt over the past week. The final score is derived by summing the ratings for each set of items on the questionnaire. For the positive affect score, individuals add up the scores on lines 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, and 19. A high positive affect score indicates positive feelings such as enthusiasm and activeness, while a low positive affect score represents sadness and lethargy.
For the negative affect score, individuals add up the scores on the remaining 10 lines: 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, and 20. A high negative affect score reflects a variety of negative states such as anger, fear, guilt, or anxiety. On the other hand, a low negative affect score indicates a lack of negative engagement, such as calmness and serenity.
It is important to note that the PANAS is not a diagnostic instrument, and there are no cutoff scores or categorizations for the resulting scores. The scale is sensitive to momentary changes in affect and can be used to compare levels of PA and NA between individuals or over time within an individual.
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Scoring the PANAS questionnaire
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure used to assess an individual's positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). It was created by mood researchers David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen in 1988. The PANAS recognises that an individual can experience both positive and negative emotions simultaneously.
The PANAS questionnaire is scored by summing the ratings for each set of items. Participants use a 5-point scale to determine how intensely a concept applies to them, with 1 indicating that they do not experience the feeling and 5 indicating that they experience it intensely. The final score is derived from the sum of the ten items on both the positive and negative sides. The potential scores range from 10 to 50 for each of the PA and NA scales, with lower scores representing lower levels of PA or NA and higher scores indicating higher levels.
The PA and NA items are scored separately to generate two scores measuring their respective factors. A high PA score indicates positive engagement with one's environment and may result from feeling energised, motivated, and focused. Conversely, a low PA score is indicative of sadness and lethargy. High levels of NA reflect feelings of negative engagement with one's environment, such as anger, disgust, and nervousness. On the other hand, low levels of NA indicate a lack of negative engagement, characterised by calmness and serenity.
It is important to note that the PANAS is not a diagnostic instrument, and there are no cutoff scores or categorisations for the resulting scores. The scale is sensitive to momentary changes in affect and can be used to compare levels of PA and NA between individuals or within an individual over time.
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The 5-point scale
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-assessment questionnaire designed to measure an individual's emotions and feelings. It is a 20-item self-reported measure of positive and negative affect, with each item rated on a 5-point scale. The PANAS scale consists of two lists of 10 words, one list describing positive emotions and the other negative emotions. The scale is used to rate each stated emotion on a 5-point scale, with 1 being 'very slightly or not at all' and 5 being 'extremely'.
To calculate the PANAS scores, participants rate each of the 20 emotion-related items on the 5-point scale. The Positive Affect and Negative Affect scores are then summed separately, with higher scores in each category indicating a greater intensity of positive or negative emotions, respectively. For example, a high positive affect score indicates positive feelings that lead to being proactive and enthusiastic, while a high negative affect score reflects negative emotions that lead to a state of distress or disengagement.
The final score for the PANAS assessment is derived from the sum of the ten items on both the positive and negative sides. Scores can range from 10 to 50 for both Positive and Negative Affect, with lower scores representing lower levels of affect and higher scores representing higher levels. The PANAS scale is a powerful tool for companies as it allows them to measure both positive and negative affects, gain a comprehensive understanding of their employees' emotional states, and maintain a better workplace.
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Scoring for each item
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure to assess positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The PANAS recognises that individuals can feel both positive and negative emotions simultaneously.
The PANAS questionnaire is designed to measure an individual's level of positive and negative affect. It is not a diagnostic instrument, so there are no cutoff scores or categorisations for resulting scores. The scale is sensitive to momentary changes in affect when clients are directed to complete the form based on their affect at the present moment.
Participants utilise a 5-point scale to determine if a concept applies. The scale ranges from “very slightly or not at all” to “quite a bit”. The final score is derived from the sum of the ten items on both the positive and negative sides. The PANAS is designed around 20 items of affect, and clients are instructed to read each item and list the number from the scale next to each word.
To score the Positive Affect, add up the scores on lines 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, and 19. Scores may range anywhere from 10 to 50. A high PA score indicates positive engagement with one's environment and may result from someone who feels energised, motivated, and focused. Conversely, a low PA score would be indicative of sadness and lethargy.
To score the Negative Affect, add up the scores on lines 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, and 20. Similar to the PA score, NA scores can also range from 10 to 50. A high NA score indicates feelings of negative engagement with one's environment, such as anger, disgust, and nervousness. On the other hand, a low NA score would indicate a lack of negative engagement, characterised by calmness and serenity.
The overall score for the PANAS is calculated by summing the ratings for each set of items on the questionnaire, resulting in separate scores for PA and NA. These scores can be used to compare levels of PA and NA between individuals or track changes over time within an individual.
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Summing the ratings
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure to assess positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). It was created by mood researchers David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen in 1988. The PANAS contains 20 items, with 10 assessing PA and the other 10 assessing NA. The PA and NA items are scored separately to generate two scores measuring their respective factors.
The PANAS questionnaire can be found on the American Psychological Association website, toolshero.com, and several academic and psychological sources. The questionnaire begins by selecting a timespan before filling in the scores. Different time instructions can be used when facilitating this scale. For example, "right now" or "over the past week".
The PANAS uses a 5-point scale, with 1 meaning the participant does not experience a feeling at all, and 5 meaning they experience it intensely. The participants are instructed to read each item and then list the number from the scale next to each word.
To calculate the final score, the ratings for each set of items on the questionnaire are summed up. The scores can range from 10 to 50 for both PA and NA, with lower scores representing lower levels of PA/NA and higher scores representing higher levels. A high PA score indicates positive engagement with one's environment and may result from someone who feels energized, motivated, and focused. Conversely, a low PA score would be indicative of sadness and lethargy.
A high NA score indicates feelings of negative engagement with one's environment, such as anger, disgust, and nervousness. On the other hand, a low NA score would indicate a lack of negative engagement, or calmness and serenity.
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Frequently asked questions
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure to assess positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).
The PANAS is a questionnaire with 20 terms that describe different emotions and feelings. Participants use a 5-point scale to determine if a concept applies to them, with 1 meaning they don't experience that feeling and 5 meaning they experience it intensely.
The PANAS has two scales, one for PA and one for NA. To calculate your score, add up your ratings for each set of 10 items. Scores range from 10 to 50 for each scale, with higher scores indicating higher levels of PA or NA.
A high PA score indicates positive engagement with one's environment, such as feeling energised, motivated, and focused. A high NA score indicates feelings of negative engagement, such as anger, disgust, and nervousness.
The PANAS is not a diagnostic instrument, so there are no cutoff scores or categorizations for resulting scores. It also assumes that PA and NA are independent factors, but some studies have found mild negative correlations between the two.
