Emilie Meyer
Final Cut Pro X (or FCPX) is a video editing software by Apple that offers a range of features for audio and visual editing. One such feature is panning, which allows editors to adjust the position of a sound between the left and right speakers. This is done by selecting the clip and changing the Pan Mode to Stereo Left/Right, and then adjusting the Pan Amount slider. Another type of panning in FCPX is the Ken Burns effect, which creates a pan and zoom effect using the start and end positions defined by the editor. This effect can be further customized by controlling the smoothness of the animation. Additionally, FCPX also includes the concept of the Pan Law, which is related to the implementation of the Stereo Pan Law and can affect the level of audio signals.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Software | Final Cut Pro |
| Purpose | To create a pan and zoom effect |
| File types | JPEG, PNG, PSD, RAW, video clips |
| Plugins | Pan and Zoom, Motion Blur |
| Customisation | Control smoothness of animation, limit to Ease Out, Ease In or Linear |
| Shortcut | Shift-C |
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What You'll Learn
How to pan audio in FCPX
Panning audio in FCPX allows you to adjust the position of a sound between the left and right speakers. The process of panning audio will depend on the number of audio channels in your clip.
For a mono clip, which contains a single audio channel, you can adjust the pan by selecting the clip and changing the Pan Mode to Stereo Left/Right in the Audio tab of the Inspector. You can then use the Pan Amount slider to position the sound between the left and right speakers. By default, a mono clip will play from the centre, so you only need to adjust the pan if you want to move the sound away from the centre.
In the case of a stereo clip, the odd-numbered track plays from the left speaker, and the even-numbered track plays from the right speaker. To adjust the pan of individual channels in a stereo clip, you need to convert it to dual-channel mono. This will create two mono clips, each panned to the centre, allowing you to adjust the pan for each channel separately. To do this, select the clip in the Timeline and go to the Audio tab of the Inspector. Click on "Show" to display the Channel Configuration details and modify the setting from Stereo to Dual Mono.
It is important to note that FCPX has a unique implementation of the Stereo Pan Law, which can result in a --6db level change when working with mono channels in a multicam clip. This may cause unexpected volume decreases when panning mono audio clips.
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The Ken Burns effect
To apply the Ken Burns effect in Final Cut Pro, first, add your media files to your timeline. Then, click on the media file in the timeline and, in the lower-left corner of the video player, select the Crop function from the drop-down menu. Next, select Ken Burns, and you will see a green rectangle that represents the frame where the effect will begin and a red rectangle that marks the frame where the effect will end. You can move the rectangles around and adjust their size. An arrow will appear, showing the direction in which the camera will pan during the duration of the effect.
You can further customize the Ken Burns effect by controlling the smoothness of the animation. By default, a Ken Burns animation performs both smoothing operations (Ease Out and Ease In), but you can limit the result to just easing out, just easing in, or make a linear movement with no simulated inertia or friction. You can also create a Ken Burns-style effect that follows a more complicated path by using the Crop effect and intermediate keyframes.
Additionally, you can have the clip with the effect play in a loop by clicking the Play Loop button. If you want to swap the start and end positions, click the Swap button.
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The Pan Law and FCPX
In a mono speaker setup, a -12dB signal results in a -12dB output. However, in a stereo setup with two speakers, each playing a -12dB signal, the output is perceived as -6dB. This is because the two signals combine and the level is raised by 6dB.
FCPX, however, does not correctly compensate for the pan law. When a -12dB mono signal is placed in a stereo timeline and panned to the centre, the resulting output is lower than expected, typically between -3dB and -6dB. This is due to FCPX applying a -6dB attenuation to all mono signals, regardless of pan settings.
To bypass this issue, there are a few workarounds. One method is to set the pan mode of mono channels to "Dialogue", which removes them from stereo and disables the FCPX pan law compensation. Alternatively, you can manually increase the level or add gain after applying effects, as the final bit of gain is not affected by the FCPX pan law compensation.
Another aspect of panning in FCPX involves the Ken Burns effect, which creates a smooth animated pan and zoom transition between two frames in a video clip. This effect is achieved by defining the start and end positions and customising the smoothness of the animation.
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Stereo panning in FCPX
By default, a mono clip in FCPX will play with sound centred between the left and right speakers. To adjust the pan of a single channel, select the clip and change the Pan Mode to Stereo Left/Right in the Audio tab of the Inspector. You can then use the Pan Amount slider to position the sound where you want it between the left and right speakers.
For a stereo clip, the odd-numbered track plays exclusively from the left speaker, while the even-numbered track plays from the right speaker. To adjust the pan of individual channels in a stereo clip, you need to convert it to dual-channel mono. This separates the stereo clip into two mono clips, allowing you to pan each channel independently.
It is important to note that FCPX's implementation of the Stereo Pan Law has been criticised for not correctly obeying the pan law. When a mono channel is placed in a stereo timeline, the level is lowered by -6db, which can be unexpected and problematic when adjusting audio levels.
To address this issue, you can give your mono channels a pan mode of "Dialogue" to remove them from the stereo field, or manually increase the level after applying effects as the last bit of gain is not affected by FCPX's pan law compensation.
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Converting stereo clips to dual-channel mono
Dual-channel mono audio involves recording two or more different audio sources, generally speaking people, each into its own channel contained in one audio clip. This is different from a stereo clip, where the same piece of music is recorded into a single audio clip, with sounds coming from the left stored in the left channel and sounds from the right stored in the right channel.
Final Cut Pro X defaults to displaying audio as a single waveform. For stereo audio, this is fine, but for dual-channel mono clips, you will only see one waveform, regardless of how many channels the clip has. To see the individual channels for a clip in the timeline, select the clip and choose Clip > Expand Audio Components. This allows you to trim each channel separately and set levels for each channel.
To see the channels, select the clip, go to the Inspector (press Command+4), and click the Audio tab at the top. Scroll down to reveal the Channel Configuration option, and click Channels. The default setting in the popup menu is Stereo. Change this to Dual Mono. If you only want to hear one channel, uncheck the channel you don’t want to hear. Unchecking a channel completely mutes it in the Timeline, without removing it from the clip.
Many times, dual-channel mono clips will be imported as stereo. Select all the clips you need to change, then select Dual Mono from the popup menu in the top right corner of Audio Configuration in the Audio Inspector. Even if there are more than two audio channels, each audio channel will appear separately in both the timeline and the Audio Inspector. You can change the format of multiple clips at once by selecting them all in the Browser, or timeline, then changing this menu.
Dual-channel mono clips are often used for interviews, where you might want to separate the host and the guest onto different channels.
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Frequently asked questions
First, select the clip. Then, in the Audio tab of the Inspector, change the Pan Mode to Stereo Left/Right. Adjust the Pan Amount slider so that the sound of the audio clip is positioned where you want it between the left and right speakers.
To pan a mono clip, select the clip, then change the Pan Mode to Stereo Left/Right in the Audio tab of the Inspector. Adjust the Pan Amount slider to your desired position. By default, a mono clip will always sound centred between the left and right speakers, so you only need to adjust the pan if you want to move the sound away from the centre.
The Ken Burns effect is a popular style of photo animation. It creates a pan and zoom effect using the start and end positions you define. To use the Ken Burns effect, access the Ken Burns controls by clicking the pop-up menu in the lower-left corner of the viewer and choosing "Crop", or by control-clicking in the viewer and choosing "Crop". Two rectangles will appear in the viewer: a green one that defines the position and size for the start of the clip, and a red one for the end. Drag the handles to change the crop size and position for the start and end of the effect.
