Tillie Doyle
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report questionnaire that measures the two broadest dimensions of emotional states: positive and negative affect. The PANAS was developed in 1988 by researchers from the University of Minnesota and Southern Methodist University. It has since spawned several variations, including the PANAS-C, a 27-item version designed specifically for use with children. This version aims to differentiate the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children, with 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms. The PANAS-C has been used successfully in large studies of children and has demonstrated high reliability and validity. Scoring for the PANAS-C is calculated by summing the ratings for each set of items on the questionnaire, with higher scores representing higher levels of positive or negative affect.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Type of Scale | Self-report questionnaire |
| Number of Items | 27 or 30 |
| Time taken | 5-10 minutes |
| Timeframe | Past few weeks |
| Scoring | 5-point verbal frequency scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much) |
| Score range | 10-50 |
| Affective states measured | Positive and negative |
| Subscales | Positive affect and negative affect |
| Positive affect terms | 12 |
| Negative affect terms | 15 |
| Validity | Good convergent and discriminant validity |
| Reliability | High |
| Purpose | Differentiate affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children |
| Creators | David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen |
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What You'll Learn
- The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Child Form (PANAS-C) is a self-report questionnaire
- PANAS-C has 27 items: 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms
- The 5-point verbal frequency scale ranges from not at all (1) to very much (5)
- The PANAS-C differentiates the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children
- The PANAS-C has been used successfully on large studies of children and exhibits high reliability
The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Child Form (PANAS-C) is a self-report questionnaire
The PANAS-C consists of 27 items: 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms. The respondent is asked to read several words that describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The 5-point scale ranges from "not much or not at all," with a value of 1, to "a lot," with a value of 5. The PANAS-C is copyrighted by Dr. David Watson and Dr. Lee Anna Clark of the University of Notre Dame.
The PANAS-C was developed to differentiate the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children. The tripartite model on which this measure is based suggests that high levels of negative affect are present in those with anxiety and depression, but high levels of positive affect are not shared between the two. Previous mood scales for children have reliably captured the former relationship but not the latter; the PANAS-C was created as a tool with better discriminant validity for child assessment.
The PANAS-C has been translated into several languages, including Polish, to be used in school-based samples. The psychometric properties of the Polish PANAS-C were examined using methods employed by other validation studies. The analyses for the original 2-factor model and the second-order model suggested that the underlying structure of the PANAS-C may be more complex than initially assumed. The PA and NA scores were related to traditional self-report measures.
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PANAS-C has 27 items: 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) is a self-report questionnaire that measures a respondent's emotions during the past few weeks. The PANAS-C has 27 items: 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms.
The PANAS-C was developed to differentiate the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children. The tripartite model on which this measure is based suggests that high levels of negative affect are present in those with anxiety and depression, but high levels of positive affect are not shared between the two. Previous mood scales for children have reliably captured the former relationship but not the latter; the PANAS-C was created as a tool with better discriminant validity for child assessment.
The PANAS-C is a brief instrument derived from the well-established PANAS, PANAS-Expanded Form (PANAS-X), and other emotion scales. It has been used successfully on large studies of children and exhibits high reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. The PANAS-C has also been translated into other languages, such as Polish, and has been used in school-based samples.
The questionnaire consists of 27 items that are grouped into the subscales indicated in the title of the protocol: positive affect and negative affect. The respondent is asked to read several words that describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The 5-point scale ranges from "not much or not at all," with a value of 1, to "a lot," with a value of 5. Scores can range from 10 to 50 for both the positive and negative affect scales, with higher scores representing higher levels of that affect.
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The 5-point verbal frequency scale ranges from not at all (1) to very much (5)
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of two 10-item scales to measure both positive and negative affect. Each item is rated on a 5-point verbal frequency scale, with 1 being 'not at all' and 5 being 'very much'. The PANAS-C, or PANAS for Children, is a version of this questionnaire that has been adapted for children.
The 5-point verbal frequency scale is a type of Likert scale, which is a rating scale used to measure survey participants' opinions, attitudes, motivations, and more. It uses a range of answer options ranging from one extreme attitude to another, sometimes including a moderate or neutral option. The 5-point Likert scale uses five answer options, including a midpoint or neutral option, to assess a respondent’s opinions. For example, a typical 5-point Likert scale question might ask: "How easy or difficult is it to sign up for our mobile app?" with the response options being:
- Very Difficult
- Difficult
- Neutral
- Easy
- Very Easy
When measuring frequency on a Likert scale, common values for the options start with "never" or "not at all" at 1 point and progress to "always" or "very much" at 5 points. For example, a 5-point Likert scale measuring frequency might look like this:
- Not at all often
- Rarely
- Sometimes
- Often
- Very often
The 5-point verbal frequency scale is used in the PANAS and PANAS-C to assess the frequency of specific emotions. For example, a child might be asked to read the word "excited" and then indicate how often they felt that way in the past few weeks using the 5-point scale. This allows for a more nuanced understanding of a child's emotional state than a simple binary yes/no question.
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The PANAS-C differentiates the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) is a self-report questionnaire designed to differentiate the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children. It is a modified version of the original PANAS, which was developed in 1988 by researchers from the University of Minnesota and Southern Methodist University. The PANAS-C was created to address the limitations of previous mood scales for children, which struggled to differentiate between high levels of positive and negative affect in anxiety and depression.
The PANAS-C consists of 27 items, including 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms. Each item is rated on a 5-point verbal frequency scale ranging from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("very much"). The questionnaire takes approximately 5–10 minutes to complete.
The PANAS-C is based on the tripartite model, which suggests that high levels of negative affect are present in both anxiety and depression, but high levels of positive affect are not shared between the two conditions. Previous mood scales for children have been able to capture the relationship between negative affect and anxiety or depression but have fallen short in differentiating between the two conditions based on positive affect.
The PANAS-C was developed through a rigorous process that involved drawing from the PANAS-X and eliminating terms that did not show sufficient correlations between the term and the affective construct after preliminary analyses with a non-clinical sample of children. This process ensured that the final version of the PANAS-C included only the most relevant and meaningful items for assessing the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children.
Overall, the PANAS-C is a valuable tool for differentiating the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children. It has been successfully used in large studies of children and has exhibited high reliability and validity. By capturing the nuances of positive and negative affect, the PANAS-C provides a more comprehensive understanding of children's emotional states and can inform clinical decision-making and intervention approaches.
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The PANAS-C has been used successfully on large studies of children and exhibits high reliability
The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Child Form (PANAS-C) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure a respondent's emotions during the past few weeks. The PANAS-C is a brief instrument derived from the well-established PANAS, PANAS-Expanded Form (PANAS-X), and other emotion scales.
The PANAS-C has been used successfully in large studies of children and has exhibited high reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. The measure consists of 27 items: 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms. The respondent is asked to read several words that describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The 5-point scale ranges from "not much or not at all," rated 1, to "a lot," rated 5.
The PANAS-C was developed to differentiate the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children. The tripartite model on which this measure is based suggests that high levels of negative affect are present in those with anxiety and depression, but high levels of positive affect are not shared between the two. Previous mood scales for children have reliably captured the former relationship but not the latter; the PANAS-C was created as a tool with better discriminant validity for child assessment.
The psychometric properties of the PANAS-C were found to be similar to those of the original PANAS. Exploratory factor analyses yielded two easily interpretable factors – PA and NA – that were highly reliable and valid. In line with the tripartite model of anxiety and depression, the PANAS-C scores were related to the symptoms of these disorders in a similar way as the original PANAS scores, across both clinical and non-clinical samples.
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