Tiffany Haney
PAN can refer to a few different things. It can be short for personal area network, which connects devices within a user's immediate area. It can also refer to a PAN card, which is a physical or digital card containing a unique 10-digit alphanumeric character along with other important information about the person. PAN is also used to refer to the hollow part of a lock in a firelock or flintlock gun.
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What You'll Learn
Personal area network (PAN)
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network that connects electronic devices within a user's immediate area, typically within a few centimeters to a few meters. PANs can be used to interconnect devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets, printers, keyboards, and other computerized devices. These devices can communicate with each other and also connect to a higher-level network or the internet through a master device that acts as a gateway.
PANs can be wired or wireless. Wired connections include USB and FireWire, while wireless connections include Bluetooth, WiFi, IrDA, Zigbee, Wireless USB, and NearLink. Among these, Bluetooth is the most common wireless technology used in PANs. Wireless PANs (WPANs) are specifically designed for low-power, short-distance wireless connections. WPANs have a range of up to 10 meters, although this can be extended to 100 meters under ideal circumstances.
One example of a WPAN is a Bluetooth piconet, which is composed of up to eight active devices in a master-slave relationship. The first Bluetooth device in the piconet is the master, and all other devices are slaves that communicate with the master. WPANs can also be used for medical applications, such as body area networks (BANs) that involve biomedical sensors placed on or near the human body for tracking or supporting biomedical functions.
PANs are distinct from other types of networks, such as local area networks (LANs) that connect users within a single room or building, and wide area networks (WANs) that can encompass the entire Internet. PANs typically do not include a router and do not directly connect to the Internet. However, a device within a PAN can connect to a LAN that provides Internet access.
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Wired and wireless connections
A personal area network (PAN) connects devices within a user's immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimetres to a few metres. PANs can be wired or wireless. Wired connections include USB and FireWire, while wireless connections include Bluetooth, WiFi, IrDA, and Zigbee. Wireless connections are the most common, with Bluetooth being the most prevalent. Devices within a PAN can exchange data with each other, but they typically do not include a router and do not connect to the Internet directly.
One of the most common examples of a PAN is the connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone. PANs can also connect laptops, tablets, printers, keyboards, and other computerized devices. For instance, a desktop computer, a wireless mouse, and wireless headphones can all be connected to each other, but only the computer can connect directly to the Internet.
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that uses radio waves. It is used in WPANs for devices such as keyboards, pointing devices, audio headsets, and printers that connect to smartwatches, cell phones, or computers. A Bluetooth WPAN, also called a piconet, is composed of up to eight active devices in a master-slave relationship, with a large number of additional devices connected in parked mode. The first Bluetooth device in the piconet is the master, and all other devices are slaves that communicate with the master.
Other wireless technologies used in WPANs include IrDA, which uses infrared light, and Zigbee, a low-powered, short-distance wireless network technology. WPANs can also be created using Wireless USB, NearLink, and other low-power wireless protocols. The range of a WPAN is usually very small, as short-range wireless protocols are not efficient over distances larger than 5-10 meters.
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Bluetooth, WiFi, IrDA, Zigbee
A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a user's immediate area. The size of a PAN can range from a few centimeters to a few meters. Bluetooth, WiFi, IrDA, and Zigbee are four wireless communication standards that can be used to connect devices in a PAN.
Bluetooth is a set of standards defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). It operates in the 2.4GHz ISM band, using 40 channels from 2402MHz to 2480MHz for Bluetooth Low Energy. Bluetooth has a typical range of up to 100 meters and is commonly used for short-range mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It is not designed to connect a device to the Internet but rather to allow devices to communicate without a physical connection. For example, a Bluetooth keyboard or mouse can connect to a laptop without the need for cables.
WiFi, or Wireless Fidelity, provides high-speed wireless internet and network access using radio waves. It operates on both 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless bands and can achieve much higher data transfer speeds than Bluetooth. WiFi is designed to act as a substitute for wired connections, extending the traditional internet model to mobile devices. It is commonly used for wireless internet access and ad hoc networking for high-bandwidth applications.
Zigbee is a suite of protocols maintained by the Zigbee Alliance, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is designed for low-power, low-data-rate applications, with a focus on simple, self-organizing mesh networks between low-battery-powered devices. Zigbee uses the 2.4GHz ISM band, with 16 channels from 2405MHz to 2480MHz. It has a range of about 10-100 meters and is commonly used for smart home and sensor networks, as well as other simple IoT devices.
IrDA, or Infrared Data Association, is a wireless communication standard that uses infrared light to transmit data between devices. It is often used for short-range communication between devices in close proximity, such as remote controls and infrared ports on older laptops.
Each of these wireless technologies has unique characteristics and use cases, and they can be used individually or in combination to connect devices in a PAN.
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WPAN, LPPAN, piconet
A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is a personal area network (PAN) in which the connections are wireless. A PAN is a computer network for interconnecting electronic devices within an individual person's workspace. WPANs are characterized by casual, ad hoc interconnections between devices typically in close range to one another. They are carried over low-powered, short-distance wireless network technology such as IrDA, Wireless USB, Bluetooth, NearLink, or Zigbee. WPANs specifically tailored for low-power operation of the sensors are sometimes also called Low-Power Personal Area Networks (LPPAN).
A piconet is a type of wireless network formed between Bluetooth-enabled devices. It is the basic network building block associated with BT WPAN. A piconet is an ad hoc network that links a wireless user group of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols. It consists of a master device and one or more slave devices. The master device acts as the hub, and the slaves must communicate through it in order to communicate with each other. The master device also acts as a timekeeper and assists in the coordination of traffic between transmitting and receiving. The master-slave dynamic allows the Bluetooth system to be non-contention based, meaning that each device is assigned a specific time period to transmit and they do not collide or overlap with other units operating within the same piconet.
Piconets are the most popular way to make WPAN communication between personal devices. They are used to connect devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, smartwatches, and fitness trackers. They are also significant in home automation systems, where they are used to interconnect utility tools such as smart thermostats, light controls, surveillance cameras, and sensors to a core unit or gateway.
Piconets can include anywhere from two to eight devices. One device serves as the master device, while the rest of the devices within the network are slave devices. Up to 255 further slave devices can be inactive or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any time.
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Interconnecting devices
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network that interconnects electronic devices within a user's immediate area, typically within a few centimeters to a few meters. PANs can be used to interconnect devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, printers, keyboards, and other computerized devices.
PANs can be wired or wireless. Wired connections include USB and FireWire, while wireless connections include Bluetooth, WiFi, IrDA, and Zigbee. Wireless PANs (WPANs) are typically carried over low-powered, short-distance wireless network technologies. Bluetooth, a common wireless technology used in WPANs, utilizes short-range radio waves and can connect up to eight active devices in a master-slave relationship. This type of WPAN is called a piconet, and it has a range of up to 10 meters, although this can extend to 100 meters under ideal circumstances.
Another type of network within the PAN family is the body area network (BAN), which typically refers to medical sensors with wireless connectivity placed on, embedded in, or carried near the human body. BANs are used for tracking or supporting biomedical functions, such as a pacemaker with wireless capabilities. BANs may connect to a PAN or utilize WPAN technology, but they generally do not include biomedical sensors.
While devices within a PAN can exchange data with each other, they typically do not include a router and do not connect directly to the Internet. However, a device within a PAN can connect to a local area network (LAN) that provides Internet access. For example, a desktop computer, a wireless mouse, and wireless headphones can all be interconnected within a PAN, but only the computer can connect directly to the Internet through the LAN.
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Frequently asked questions
Pan-cancer analysis is a type of study that aims to examine the similarities and differences among the genomic and cellular alterations found across diverse tumor types.
Pan-cancer analysis aims to detect the genes whose mutation is conducive to oncogenesis, as well as recurrent genomic events or aberrations between different tumors. This analysis allows for the inclusion of markers from various cancer types in a single assay, positively impacting workflows and turnaround times.
Some Pan-Cancer Analysis projects include the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, which published a set of 24 papers analyzing whole cancer genomes and transcriptomic data from 38 tumor types, and the Pan-Cancer Atlas, which provides an in-depth understanding of how, where, and why tumors arise in humans.
Pan-cancer analysis offers valuable insights into tumor progression and therapy resistance mechanisms, laying the groundwork for potential personalized treatment strategies across various cancers. It also enables the identification of potential drug targets for anti-cancer therapies.
