Non-Stick Pans: Safe Without Pfoa?

Non-stick pans are popular because they make cooking and cleaning easier. However, there are concerns about the safety of non-stick coatings, especially polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), also known as the brand Teflon. While the coating itself is non-toxic, heating PTFE can cause it to disintegrate and release toxic gases, which are harmful to humans and deadly to birds. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical released when PTFE breaks down, is linked to various health issues. To address this, manufacturers have stopped using PFOA in non-stick coatings, and alternative materials like ceramic are also available. While PTFE is generally safe for human use, proper care and precautions are necessary to avoid potential health risks.

What are the dangers of PFOA?

Perfluorooctanoic acid, or PFOA, is a human-made synthetic compound used in the manufacturing of non-stick cookware, as well as stain-resistant fabrics and carpets. It is also used in the process of making PTFE, a fluoropolymer plastic compound that is silicone-based and contains carbon and fluorine. However, it is important to note that PFOA is not the same as PTFE, and its chemical components are different.

PFOA has been deemed a health concern because it stays in the human body and the environment for long periods. Studies have shown that the chemical is present in very small amounts in people worldwide, with higher levels found in communities where local water supplies have been contaminated by PFOA. People exposed to PFOA in workplaces that use the chemical in their manufacturing processes have been found to have even higher levels.

Further health studies on PFOA indicate that exposure to the chemical is linked to the following health risks:

• High cholesterol levels
• Developmental issues in children and babies
• Bladder, kidney, and testicular cancer
• Liver damage and disease
• Blood pressure issues

PFOA has also been linked to changes in the body's hormones, the immune system, and thyroid problems.

PFOA is considered a "forever chemical" because it does not break down easily and can accumulate in the environment and the human body over time. Due to these concerns, regulatory actions have been taken to phase out the use of PFOA in certain products and set limits on its levels in drinking water.

What are the alternatives to non-stick pans?

Alternatives to Non-Stick Pans

Non-stick pans are convenient, lightweight, and easy to clean. However, they may not be the best option for those seeking longer-lasting cookware or for cooking at high temperatures. Here are some alternatives to non-stick pans that offer similar benefits and performance:

Carbon Steel Pans

Carbon steel pans are an excellent alternative to non-stick cookware. They are lightweight, durable, and develop a natural non-stick coating over time with proper seasoning. Carbon steel is more durable than non-stick pans and can be easily reseasoned if necessary. It is also safe to use at high temperatures.

Cast Iron Pans

Cast iron pans are a popular choice for those seeking long-lasting cookware. They are extremely durable and can last a lifetime with proper care. Cast iron develops a natural non-stick coating over time with seasoning and use. However, they require more maintenance than carbon steel pans and are heavier.

Enamel-Coated Cast Iron Pans

Enamel-coated cast iron pans offer a smooth cooking surface that is easy to clean and maintain. They are similar to traditional cast iron but with a glossy enamel coating. These pans can be safely used in the oven and over high heat without damaging the glaze. However, it is important to avoid using metal utensils or abrasive sponges to prevent scratching the enamel coating.

Stainless Steel Pans

Stainless steel cookware is a versatile option that can be used for a wide range of cooking techniques. While stainless steel pans may seem prone to sticking, proper preparation can make them function as a decent non-stick alternative. By tempering ingredients to room temperature and preheating the pan before adding oil, you can effectively cook even the most sticky foods. Stainless steel is also safe for use in the dishwasher.

Ceramic Coated Pans

Ceramic-coated pans are marketed as 'healthy cookware' as they are free of PTFE and PFOA. They offer a non-stick surface and are generally safe to use. However, they are less durable than traditional non-stick pans and may require special care, such as avoiding metal utensils and abrasive cleaning tools.

How do you identify if a pan is PTFE or ceramic-based?

The easiest way to identify if a pan is PTFE or ceramic-based is by checking the description of the cookware. PTFE-based non-stick pans are generally described as 'non-stick', and may also be labelled 'PFOA-free'. Ceramic-based pans, on the other hand, will usually specify 'ceramic' in the description.

If you already own the pan and are unsure of its original descriptor, you can try to identify it by looking at its appearance. PTFE coatings are typically black or grey, and have a dull, matte finish. Ceramic coatings, meanwhile, can be found in a variety of colours, such as white, green, blue and red, and have a shiny, gloss finish.

What are the pros and cons of PTFE/Teflon?

PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) is a synthetic fluoropolymer with a wide range of applications due to its many useful properties. PTFE is commonly used as a non-stick coating for cookware under the brand name Teflon.

Pros of PTFE/Teflon

• Effective across a wide range of temperatures
• High electrical resistance
• Chemically inert
• Non-stick
• High melting point
• Good temperature resistance
• Low friction
• Non-reactive
• Excellent electrical insulator

Cons of PTFE/Teflon

• Pricey
• Difficult to mass-produce
• Cannot be cemented
• Changes shape under pressure
• Releases mildly toxic fumes when overheated
• Not as abrasion-resistant as other coatings
• Cannot withstand extremely high temperatures and melts at 326 Celsius

How do you care for non-stick pans?

Non-stick pans are convenient and make cooking and cleaning a lot easier. However, they require special care to prevent their surface from scratching, peeling, or warping. Here are some tips to help you care for your non-stick pans:

Before Using a New Non-Stick Pan:

Before using any brand-new non-stick pan, wash it to remove any residue from the packaging. Use hot, soapy water and thoroughly dry it. Then, season the pan before cooking. Seasoning non-stick cookware evens out any imperfections or pores in the coating and will help your pan last longer. You can season non-stick cookware by lightly rubbing cooking oil over the surface, then heating the pan on the stove over medium heat for two to three minutes. Once it cools down, wipe out any excess oil with a paper towel before storing.

During Cooking:

• Non-stick pans should not be used over high heat as it can ruin them. Stick to low or medium heat to maintain a smooth, stick-free surface.
• Use oils with a high smoke point, like grapeseed, sesame, or avocado, instead of those with a low smoke point, like extra virgin olive oil. Low smoke point oils burn more easily, which can decrease the pan's non-stick properties.
• Avoid cooking sprays of all kinds as they will develop a residue that can shorten the lifespan of non-stick cookware.
• Preheat the pan and add oil while it is still cool. This will help with sticking and the integrity of your ingredients.
• Use wooden or rubber utensils instead of metal ones to avoid scratching or material deterioration.

Cleaning and Storage:

• Always wait for the pan to cool before washing it. Submerging a hot pan in cold water or running cool water over hot non-stick cookware can cause the pan to warp.
• Hand-wash the pan instead of putting it in the dishwasher. The hot temperatures and detergents used in the dishwasher can break down the non-stick surface.
• Do not use steel wool or other harsh, abrasive cleaning materials to wash your non-stick pan. Instead, use a gentle dishwashing liquid and a soft sponge or cleaning cloth.
• Place a pan protector, or a cloth or paper towel, over the pan's surface if your storage space requires stacking to prevent scratches.

Removing Stubborn Residue:

• For stubborn residue, soak the pan for a few hours in warm, soapy water before gently scrubbing it clean.
• For burnt oil or food residue, make a paste with baking soda and water and apply it to the pan. Lightly scrub with a non-abrasive sponge, then rinse, dry, and re-season the pan.

By following these tips, you can keep your non-stick pans in great condition and make them last for years.

Frequently asked questions