Cody Casey
The Pan-African Congress (PAC) is a series of meetings that first took place in 1900 in London, England, as a response to the European partition of Africa. The first official Pan-African Congress occurred in 1919 in Paris, France, and there have been at least seven congresses to date. The most recent Pan-African Congress took place in 2014 in Accra.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of Pan-African Congresses | 8 |
| First Pan-African Congress | 1919, Paris |
| Second Pan-African Congress | 1921, London |
| Third Pan-African Congress | 1923, London and Lisbon |
| Fourth Pan-African Congress | 1927, New York City |
| Fifth Pan-African Congress | 1945, Manchester |
| Sixth Pan-African Congress | 1974, Dar es Salaam |
| Seventh Pan-African Congress | 1994, Kampala |
| Eighth Pan-African Congress | 2014, Accra |
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What You'll Learn
- The first Pan-African Congress was held in Paris in 1919
- The fifth Pan-African Congress was held in Manchester in 1945
- Pan-African Congresses aim to address issues facing Africa due to European colonisation
- The first Pan-African Conference was held in London in 1900
- Pan-Africanism as a movement began in 1776
The first Pan-African Congress was held in Paris in 1919
The first Pan-African Congress was held in Paris in February 1919, nearly two decades after the 1900 conference. It was organised by W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida Gibbs Hunt, who acted as the primary translator. Du Bois was a special representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP). The congress was held adjacent to the Paris Peace Conference, convened to create a lasting peace following World War I.
Du Bois believed he could "exert some positive political influence on the power-brokers and decision-makers during the Paris Peace Conference". However, he was not given permission to speak at the conference. As a result, he decided to create a separate meeting to take place at the same time. A mass meeting was held in New York City on 19 January 1919 by the NAACP on the future of Africa, with wide support for Du Bois to discuss Pan-African issues in Paris during the Peace Conference.
The 1919 Pan-African Congress was a precursor to several international developments. It instilled in African-Americans a racial consciousness and racial strength that could not have been gained in a lifetime in America, as noted by Addie Waites Hunton. The congress attempted to secure a place for people of African descent within the new world order. It served as a forum for uniting the global black diaspora and setting a course for black internationalism.
The first Pan-African Congress was attended by 57 delegates representing 15 countries. The delegates included John Archer, the leader of the newly created African Political Union and the first person of African descent elected to the English parliament. The congress was primarily financed by Addie W. Hunton and the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, an interracial organisation founded in 1919 by opponents of World War I.
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The fifth Pan-African Congress was held in Manchester in 1945
The Pan-African Congress (PAC) is a series of meetings that first took place in 1900 in London, gaining a reputation as a peacemaker for decolonization in Africa and the West Indies. The first four PACs were predominantly attended by members of the African diaspora, including those in the UK, the Caribbean, and the US. However, the fifth Pan-African Congress, held in Manchester in 1945, marked a significant shift in its focus and participation.
The 1945 Congress reflected the growing African and Caribbean labour movements, with a broader range of attendees, including representatives from the African continent, Asia, and various international organisations. This Congress was particularly notable for its emphasis on the workers and farmers of Africa and the Caribbean, a departure from earlier meetings that primarily attracted middle-class audiences. The organisers, including George Padmore, recognised the importance of including trade unions and workers' organisations, signalling a change in the political stance of the movement.
The Manchester Congress is considered a landmark moment in British radical history, with delegates unequivocally demanding an end to colonialism in Africa and urging colonial subjects to take action against their exploitation by colonial powers. This shift in discourse highlighted African leaders and the people of Africa as the "primary agents of change" in the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles. The event also marked a turning point in the history of the gatherings, with representatives of political parties from Africa and the West Indies in attendance for the first time.
The fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester was a defining moment, uniting the global African diaspora and laying the groundwork for the independence of many African countries. Despite its significance, the British media largely overlooked the event at the time, and it has since been forgotten in Britain's political memory. However, the Congress's bold challenges to colonial powers and its commitment to anti-colonialism and anti-capitalism continue to resonate, making it a pivotal event in the history of the Pan-African movement.
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Pan-African Congresses aim to address issues facing Africa due to European colonisation
The Pan-African Congresses emerged in the late 19th century in response to European colonisation and exploitation of the African continent. The first Pan-African Conference was held in London in 1900, bringing together people from around the world who were against racism and colonialism. The conference attracted international attention, but it did not lead to political action.
The Pan-African Congresses aimed to address issues facing Africa due to European colonisation. The group's major demands were to end colonial rule and racial discrimination, standing against imperialism and demanding human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a new world context of international cooperation. The participants of the congress also discussed the status and conditions of Black people worldwide, the legacy of slavery, and European imperialism.
The first Pan-African Congress was organised in Paris in 1919 by W.E.B. Du Bois, a leading intellectual. Du Bois, who had attended the Peace Conference in Versailles as a representative of the NAACP, appealed to President Woodrow Wilson to initiate a study of the treatment of Black soldiers. He also expressed hope that the peace treaty would address the future of Africa and grant self-determination to the colonised peoples. Du Bois believed that he could exert some positive political influence on the decision-makers during the Paris Peace Conference.
The fifth Pan-African Congress, held in Manchester in 1945, marked a turning point in the history of the gatherings. For the first time, representatives of political parties from Africa and the West Indies attended the meetings. The conservative credo of the forum gave way to radical social, political, and economic demands. Congress participants unequivocally demanded an end to colonialism in Africa and urged colonial subjects to use strikes and boycotts to end the continent's social, economic, and political exploitation by colonial powers.
The Pan-African Congresses have played a significant role in advancing the Pan-African cause and addressing issues facing Africa due to European colonisation. With their demands for decolonisation, opposition to imperialism, and calls for human rights and equality, the Congresses have made a lasting impact on the path towards a more just and equitable world.
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The first Pan-African Conference was held in London in 1900
The First Pan-African Conference was held in London, England, from 23 to 25 July 1900. The conference, which took place in Westminster Town Hall (now Caxton Hall), was organised primarily by Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams. It was attended by 37 delegates and about 10 other participants and observers from Africa, the West Indies, the US and the UK. Notable attendees included Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (the youngest delegate), John Alcindor, Benito Sylvain, Dadabhai Naoroji, John Archer, Anna H. Jones, Anna Julia Cooper, and W. E. B. Du Bois, with Bishop Alexander Walters of the AME Zion Church chairing the conference.
The First Pan-African Conference was a significant event as it brought together people from around the world who were against racism and colonialism. The conference addressed racial discrimination and the need to preserve Black cultural identity and for the rights of indigenous people to be recognised by colonisers. Bishop Alexander Walters, in his opening address, "The Trials and Tribulations of the Coloured Race in America", noted that:
> "for the first time in history black people had gathered from all parts of the globe to discuss and improve the condition of their race, to assert their rights and organise so that they might take an equal place among nations."
The conference also included discussions on various aspects of racial discrimination, such as "Conditions Favouring a High Standard of African Humanity" and "The Preservation of Racial Equality". Following the conference, Williams set up branches of the Pan-African Association in Jamaica, Trinidad and the USA, and launched a short-lived journal, "The Pan-African", in October 1901.
The First Pan-African Conference laid the foundation for subsequent Pan-African Congresses, which became known as peacemakers for decolonisation in Africa and the West Indies. The first Pan-African Congress was organised in Paris in 1919 by W. E. B. Du Bois, who played a leading role in the First Pan-African Conference as well.
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Pan-Africanism as a movement began in 1776
The origins of Pan-Africanism as a movement are often traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the first Pan-African Conference taking place in London in 1900. However, some sources suggest that the roots of Pan-Africanism can be traced back even further, to the 1790s and the early years of the movement to abolish slavery.
The year 1776 is sometimes associated with the beginnings of Pan-Africanism, as it marks a significant moment in the history of the African diaspora and the struggle for freedom and equality. During this time, thousands of Black men fought in the American Revolution, contributing to the fight for independence. This participation in a war against oppression can be seen as an early expression of the Pan-Africanist ideals of unity and self-determination.
The idea of Pan-Africanism is rooted in the belief that people of African descent share common interests and should be unified. This sentiment has manifested in various forms throughout history, including political, cultural, and religious movements. The movement seeks to address the issues facing Africa and the African diaspora as a result of slavery, colonisation, and discrimination.
The early Pan-Africanist movement in the late 19th century was influenced by intercontinental pro-African political activism, which sought to unify campaigns to end oppression. The removal of diasporic Africans from the continent enabled them to view it as a whole and foster a sense of pan-African solidarity. This period also saw the emergence of Ethiopianism, a religious form of Pan-Africanism.
In London, the Sons of Africa, a political group, was active in the late 18th century, addressing meetings, organising letter-writing campaigns, and publishing campaigning materials. They advocated for the abolition of slavery and engaged with figures in the white abolition movement, as well as members of the British monarchy and government.
While the 1790s marked an important early chapter in the history of Pan-Africanism, the movement continued to evolve and gain momentum in the following centuries, with the first Pan-African Conference in 1900 serving as a significant milestone.
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Frequently asked questions
There have been at least eight Pan-African Congresses, with the first one taking place in 1919 in Paris, France.
The Pan-African Congress (PAC) is a series of meetings that first took place after the Pan-African Conference in London in 1900. The meetings address issues facing Africa and the African diaspora as a result of European colonisation.
The Fifth Pan-African Congress took place in Manchester, United Kingdom, from 15-21 October 1945.
